Radiopharmaceutical isotope half-lives table

Radionuclides used in radiopharmaceuticals: half-life, decay mode, principal emissions, clinical use and source, one row per nuclide.
			Principal emissions	Clinical use, examples	Source
¹⁷⁷LuLutetium-177therapeutic#lu-177	6.6443 d ± 0.0009 d574,068 s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 497 keV (79.4 %), 176 keV (11.7 %), 384 keV (8.9 %); mean β 134 keV. γ 208.4 keV (10.4 %) and 112.9 keV (6.2 %), used for SPECT and dosimetry.	Radioligand therapy. Approved: Lutathera (¹⁷⁷Lu-dotatate; FDA 2018, EMA 2017) for somatostatin-receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumors; Pluvicto (¹⁷⁷Lu-vipivotide tetraxetan; FDA 2022, EMA 2022) for PSMA-positive prostate cancer.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 30 Aug 2019 (F. G. Kondev) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 6.647 d References (4) Lutathera — Drugs@FDA, NDA 208700 (opens in a new tab) Pluvicto — Drugs@FDA, NDA 215833 (opens in a new tab) Lutathera — EMA EPAR (opens in a new tab) Pluvicto — EMA EPAR (opens in a new tab)
²²⁵AcActinium-225therapeutic#ac-225	9.920 d ± 0.003 d857,088 s	α 100 %	α 5.830 MeV (50.7 %), 5.793 MeV (18.1 %). Three more α in the chain to stable ²⁰⁹Bi: ²²¹Fr 6.34 MeV (4.9 min), ²¹⁷At 7.07 MeV (32.6 ms), ²¹³Po 8.38 MeV (3.7 µs) via ²¹³Bi. Imaging γ from daughters: 218 keV (11.4 %, ²²¹Fr), 440 keV (25.9 %, ²¹³Bi).	Targeted alpha therapy, investigational: ²²⁵Ac-PSMA-617, ²²⁵Ac-dotatate and antibody conjugates in clinical trials. No approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 25 Oct 2019 (B. Singh) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 10.0 d References (2) Morgenstern et al., Supply and Clinical Application of Actinium-225 and Bismuth-213. Semin Nucl Med 2020 (opens in a new tab) Nelson et al., Targeted Alpha Therapy: Progress in Radionuclide Production, Radiochemistry, and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020 (opens in a new tab)
²²³RaRadium-223therapeutic#ra-223	11.43 d ± 0.05 d987,552 s	α 100 %	α 5.716 MeV (51.2 %), 5.607 MeV (25.0 %); four α in the chain to stable ²⁰⁷Pb (²¹⁹Rn 3.96 s, ²¹⁵Po 1.78 ms, ²¹¹Bi 2.14 min). γ 269.5 keV (13.3 %); Rn K x-rays 81–84 keV.	Bone-targeting alpha therapy. Approved: Xofigo (radium-223 dichloride; FDA 2013, EMA 2013) for castration-resistant prostate cancer with symptomatic bone metastases.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 May 2001 (E. Browne) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (3) Xofigo — Drugs@FDA, NDA 203971 (opens in a new tab) Xofigo — EMA EPAR (opens in a new tab) Nelson et al., Targeted Alpha Therapy: Progress in Radionuclide Production, Radiochemistry, and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020 (opens in a new tab)
¹³¹IIodine-131therapeutic#i-131	8.0252 d ± 0.0006 d693,377 s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 606 keV (89.6 %), 334 keV (7.2 %); mean β 182 keV. γ 364.5 keV (81.5 %), 637 keV (7.2 %), 284 keV (6.1 %).	Thyroid ablation and imaging with sodium iodide I-131 (Hicon; FDA NDA 021305); Azedra (iobenguane I-131; FDA 2018) for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 17 Jul 2006 (Yu. Khazov, I. Mitropolsky, A. Rodionov) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 8.0207 d References (2) Hicon sodium iodide I-131 — Drugs@FDA, NDA 021305 (opens in a new tab) Azedra — Drugs@FDA, NDA 209607 (opens in a new tab)
⁹⁰YYttrium-90therapeutic#y-90	64.05 h ± 0.05 h230,580 s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 2 279 keV (100 %), mean 932 keV — the most energetic β of the common therapy nuclides. No γ of practical yield; imaged by bremsstrahlung.	Radioimmunotherapy. Approved: Zevalin (⁹⁰Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan; FDA 2002) for follicular lymphoma. ⁹⁰Y microspheres for liver tumors are regulated as devices, not drugs.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Mar 2020 (S. K. Basu, E. A. McCutchan) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 64.10 h References (2) Zevalin — Drugs@FDA, BLA 125019 (opens in a new tab) Sgouros, Bodei, McDevitt, Nedrow. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020 (opens in a new tab)
⁶⁷CuCopper-67therapeutic#cu-67	61.83 h ± 0.12 h222,588 s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 377 keV (57 %), 468 keV (22 %), 562 keV (20 %); mean β 141 keV. γ 184.6 keV (48.7 %), 93.3 keV (16.1 %), 91.3 keV (7.0 %), SPECT-compatible.	Therapeutic partner of ⁶⁴Cu in copper theranostic pairs; ⁶⁷Cu-SAR-bisPSMA and ⁶⁷Cu-labelled antibodies in clinical trials. No approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Apr 2005 (Huo Junde, Huang Xiaolong, J. K. Tuli) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (2) Cutler et al., Radiometals for combined imaging and therapy. Chem Rev 2013 (opens in a new tab) Sgouros, Bodei, McDevitt, Nedrow. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020 (opens in a new tab)
²¹²PbLead-212therapeutic#pb-212	10.622 h ± 0.007 h38,239.2 s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 331 keV (81.5 %), 569 keV (13.7 %); mean β 101 keV. γ 238.6 keV (43.6 %). An in vivo α generator: ²¹²Bi (60.55 min; α 36 %, β⁻ 64 %) then ²¹²Po (294 ns) α 8.785 MeV — one α per ²¹²Pb decay; the ²⁰⁸Tl branch (3.05 min) adds a 2 615 keV γ.	Targeted alpha therapy, investigational: ²¹²Pb-dotamtate and ²¹²Pb-PSMA agents in clinical trials. No approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Aug 2020 (K. Auranen, E. A. McCutchan) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 10.64 h References (2) Kokov et al., ²¹²Pb: production approaches and targeted therapy applications. Pharmaceutics 2022 (opens in a new tab) Nelson et al., Targeted Alpha Therapy: Progress in Radionuclide Production, Radiochemistry, and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020 (opens in a new tab)
²¹³BiBismuth-213therapeutic#bi-213	45.59 min ± 0.06 min2,735.4 s	β⁻ 97.86 %, α 2.14 %	β⁻ Emax 1 422 keV (66.8 %), 982 keV (30.1 %). α 5.87 MeV (2.0 %). Daughter ²¹³Po (3.7 µs) α 8.376 MeV — effectively one α per decay. γ 440.4 keV (25.9 %) for imaging.	Targeted alpha therapy, investigational (²¹³Bi-DOTATOC, ²¹³Bi-lintuzumab in early trials). No approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Jan 2022 (M. S. Basunia) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (2) Morgenstern et al., Supply and Clinical Application of Actinium-225 and Bismuth-213. Semin Nucl Med 2020 (opens in a new tab) Nelson et al., Targeted Alpha Therapy: Progress in Radionuclide Production, Radiochemistry, and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020 (opens in a new tab)
¹⁶¹TbTerbium-161therapeutic#tb-161	6.89 d ± 0.02 d595,296 s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 522 keV (65 %), 460 keV (25.7 %); mean β 154 keV. Abundant conversion and Auger electrons (6.4 keV 88 %, 39.9 keV 42 %, 16.6 keV 41 % per decay). γ 74.6 keV (10.2 %), 48.9 keV (17 %), 25.7 keV (23 %), SPECT-compatible.	Investigational alternative to ¹⁷⁷Lu (¹⁶¹Tb-PSMA-I&T, ¹⁶¹Tb-DOTATOC in trials). No approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Jun 2011 (C. W. Reich) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 6.906 d References (2) Lehenberger et al., The low-energy β⁻ and electron emitter ¹⁶¹Tb as an alternative to ¹⁷⁷Lu for targeted radionuclide therapy. Nucl Med Biol 2011 (opens in a new tab) Koniar et al., Quantitative SPECT imaging of ¹⁵⁵Tb and ¹⁶¹Tb. EJNMMI Phys 2024 (opens in a new tab)
²¹¹AtAstatine-211therapeutic#at-211	7.214 h ± 0.007 h25,970.4 s	EC 58.2 %, α 41.8 %	α 5.87 MeV (41.8 %) → ²⁰⁷Bi; EC (58.2 %) → ²¹¹Po (0.516 s) α 7.45 MeV — one α per decay either way. Po K x-rays 77–92 keV (79.3 keV 21 %, 76.9 keV 12.7 %, 90.9 keV 9.5 %) allow imaging.	Targeted alpha therapy, investigational (²¹¹At-labelled antibodies, ²¹¹At-MABG). No approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 28 Feb 2013 (B. Singh, S. Singh, H. X. Nguyen, M. Patial) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (1) Nelson et al., Targeted Alpha Therapy: Progress in Radionuclide Production, Radiochemistry, and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020 (opens in a new tab)
¹⁸⁸ReRhenium-188therapeutic#re-188	17.005 h ± 0.003 h61,218 s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 2 120 keV (70.7 %), 1 965 keV (25.8 %); mean β 763 keV. γ 155.0 keV (15.5 %) for SPECT.	Investigational in most jurisdictions: ¹⁸⁸Re-HEDP for bone pain, ¹⁸⁸Re-lipiodol for liver tumors, ¹⁸⁸Re skin patches. No FDA-approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Feb 2018 (F. G. Kondev, S. Juutinen, D. J. Hartley) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 17.0040 h References (1) Pillai, Dash, Knapp. Rhenium-188: status of current applications. Curr Radiopharm 2012 (opens in a new tab)
¹⁸⁶ReRhenium-186therapeutic#re-186	3.7185 d ± 0.0005 d321,278 s	β⁻ 92.5 %, EC 7.5 %	β⁻ Emax 1 073 keV (70.9 %), 935 keV (21.5 %); mean β 348 keV. γ 137.2 keV (9.5 %).	Bone pain palliation (¹⁸⁶Re-HEDP) and radiosynovectomy in some countries; no FDA-approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Mar 2022 (J. C. Batchelder, A. M. Hurst, M. S. Basunia) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 3.7183 d References (2) Cutler et al., Radiometals for combined imaging and therapy. Chem Rev 2013 (opens in a new tab) Sgouros, Bodei, McDevitt, Nedrow. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020 (opens in a new tab)
¹⁵³SmSamarium-153therapeutic#sm-153	46.284 h ± 0.004 h166,622 s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 704 keV (49.2 %), 635 keV (30.4 %), 808 keV (19.5 %); mean β 225 keV. γ 103.2 keV (29.1 %) for SPECT.	Bone pain palliation. Approved: Quadramet (samarium-153 lexidronam; FDA 1997).	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 16 Aug 2020 (N. Nica) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 46.50 h References (1) Quadramet — Drugs@FDA, NDA 020570 (opens in a new tab)
⁸⁹SrStrontium-89therapeutic#sr-89	50.563 d ± 0.025 d4.36864 × 10⁶ s	β⁻ 100 %	β⁻ Emax 1 501 keV (100 %), mean 587 keV. Essentially no γ (909 keV at 0.01 %).	Bone pain palliation. Approved: Metastron (strontium-89 chloride; FDA 1993).	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 20 Oct 2012 (B. Singh) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 50.53 d References (1) Metastron — Drugs@FDA, NDA 020134 (opens in a new tab)
⁶⁸GaGallium-68diagnostic#ga-68	67.71 min ± 0.08 min4,062.6 s	β⁺ 88.9 %, EC 11.1 %	β⁺ Emax 1 890 keV (87.7 %), mean 830 keV; annihilation 511 keV (178 %). γ 1 077 keV (3.2 %).	PET. Approved: Netspot (⁶⁸Ga-dotatate; FDA 2016), gallium Ga-68 PSMA-11 (FDA 2020), Illuccix and Locametz (⁶⁸Ga-gozetotide kits; FDA 2021 and 2022).	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Mar 2012 (E. A. McCutchan) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (4) Netspot — Drugs@FDA, NDA 208547 (opens in a new tab) Gallium Ga-68 PSMA-11 — Drugs@FDA, NDA 212642 (opens in a new tab) Illuccix — Drugs@FDA, NDA 214032 (opens in a new tab) Locametz — Drugs@FDA, NDA 215841 (opens in a new tab)
¹⁸FFluorine-18diagnostic#f-18	109.77 min ± 0.05 min6,586.2 s	β⁺ 96.7 %, EC 3.3 %	β⁺ Emax 634 keV, mean 250 keV — the shortest positron range of the common PET nuclides; 511 keV (193 %).	PET. Approved: fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG), Pylarify (piflufolastat F-18; FDA 2021), Posluma (flotufolastat F-18; FDA 2023), Axumin (fluciclovine F-18; FDA 2016), Cerianna (fluoroestradiol F-18; FDA 2020), amyloid and tau tracers.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 31 Oct 1994 (D. R. Tilley, H. R. Weller, C. M. Cheves, R. M. Chasteler) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (5) Fludeoxyglucose F-18 — Drugs@FDA, NDA 021870 (opens in a new tab) Pylarify — Drugs@FDA, NDA 214793 (opens in a new tab) Posluma — Drugs@FDA, NDA 216023 (opens in a new tab) Axumin — Drugs@FDA, NDA 208054 (opens in a new tab) Cerianna — Drugs@FDA, NDA 212155 (opens in a new tab)
⁶⁴CuCopper-64diagnostic#cu-64	12.7006 h ± 0.0020 h45,722.2 s	EC 44.0 %, β⁻ 38.5 %, β⁺ 17.5 %	β⁺ Emax 653 keV (17.5 %), mean 278 keV; β⁻ Emax 580 keV (38.5 %), mean 191 keV; EC 44 %. 511 keV (35 %); γ 1 346 keV (0.5 %).	PET. Approved: Detectnet (⁶⁴Cu-dotatate; FDA 2020) for somatostatin-receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumors. Imaging partner of ⁶⁷Cu.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 12 Nov 2021 (B. Singh, J. Chen) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 12.700 h References (2) Detectnet — Drugs@FDA, NDA 213227 (opens in a new tab) Cutler et al., Radiometals for combined imaging and therapy. Chem Rev 2013 (opens in a new tab)
⁸⁹ZrZirconium-89diagnostic#zr-89	78.41 h ± 0.12 h282,276 s	EC 77.3 %, β⁺ 22.7 %	β⁺ Emax 902 keV (22.7 %), mean 396 keV; 511 keV (45.5 %). γ 909.1 keV (99 %), a high-energy line that adds dose and background.	Immuno-PET with antibodies (⁸⁹Zr-girentuximab, ⁸⁹Zr-trastuzumab and others in trials). No FDA-approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 20 Oct 2012 (B. Singh) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (2) Deri et al., PET imaging with ⁸⁹Zr: from radiochemistry to the clinic. Nucl Med Biol 2013 (opens in a new tab) Yoon et al., Current Perspectives on ⁸⁹Zr-PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2020 (opens in a new tab)
^99mTcTechnetium-99mdiagnostic#tc-99m	6.0072 h ± 0.0009 h21,625.9 s	IT 99.9963 %, β⁻ 0.0037 %	γ 140.5 keV (89 %), the SPECT workhorse line; Tc K x-rays 18–21 keV; conversion electrons.	SPECT and planar imaging, the most used medical radionuclide: sestamibi (Cardiolite; FDA 1990), tetrofosmin, MDP, MAA, mebrofenin, sulfur colloid, Lymphoseek (tilmanocept; FDA 2013) and many others.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Jul 2017 (E. Browne, J. K. Tuli) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 6.015 h References (2) Cardiolite — Drugs@FDA, NDA 019785 (opens in a new tab) Lymphoseek — Drugs@FDA, NDA 202207 (opens in a new tab)
¹¹¹InIndium-111diagnostic#in-111	2.8047 d ± 0.0004 d242,326 s	EC 100 %	γ 171.3 keV (90.7 %) and 245.4 keV (94.1 %); Cd K x-rays 23–26 keV; Auger electrons.	SPECT: ¹¹¹In-oxyquinoline leukocyte labelling (FDA 1985), Octreoscan (¹¹¹In-pentetreotide; FDA 1994), ¹¹¹In-DTPA cisternography.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Feb 2008 (J. Blachot) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (2) Octreoscan — Drugs@FDA, NDA 020314 (opens in a new tab) Indium In-111 oxyquinoline — Drugs@FDA, NDA 019044 (opens in a new tab)
¹²³IIodine-123diagnostic#i-123	13.2230 h ± 0.0019 h47,602.8 s	EC 100 %	γ 159.0 keV (83.6 %); Te K x-rays 27–31 keV.	SPECT and thyroid imaging: DaTscan (ioflupane I-123; FDA 2011), AdreView (iobenguane I-123; FDA 2008), sodium iodide I-123 capsules.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 15 Apr 2021 (J. Chen) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 13.27 h References (2) DaTscan — Drugs@FDA, NDA 022454 (opens in a new tab) AdreView — Drugs@FDA, NDA 022290 (opens in a new tab)
¹²⁴IIodine-124diagnostic#i-124	4.1760 d ± 0.0003 d360,806 s	EC 77.3 %, β⁺ 22.7 %	β⁺ Emax 1 535 keV (11.7 %), 2 138 keV (10.7 %); mean β⁺ 819 keV; 511 keV (45.4 %). γ 602.7 keV (62.9 %), 1 691 keV (11.1 %), high-energy lines that complicate quantification.	PET of iodine biology and antibody kinetics (¹²⁴I-MIBG, ¹²⁴I-girentuximab in trials); pre-therapy dosimetry for ¹³¹I. No FDA-approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Apr 2008 (J. Katakura, Z. D. Wu) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (1) Braghirolli et al., Iodine-124 and its applications in nuclear medicine. Appl Radiat Isot 2014 (opens in a new tab)
⁶⁸GeGermanium-68diagnostic#ge-68	270.93 d ± 0.13 d2.34084 × 10⁷ s	EC 100 %	EC to ⁶⁸Ga; Ga K x-rays 9.2–10.3 keV; no γ of its own — the 511 keV seen from a ⁶⁸Ge source is its daughter's.	Generator parent for ⁶⁸Ga (Drugs@FDA-approved kits list the GalliaPharm and Galli Eo generators); ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga sealed sources for PET scanner calibration.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Mar 2012 (E. A. McCutchan) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 270.95 d References (1) Illuccix — Drugs@FDA, NDA 214032 (label names the approved ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generators) (opens in a new tab)
⁸²RbRubidium-82diagnostic#rb-82	1.2575 min ± 0.0002 min75.45 s	β⁺ 95.4 %, EC 4.6 %	β⁺ Emax 3 382 keV (81.8 %), mean 1 480 keV — a long positron range; 511 keV (191 %). γ 776.5 keV (15.1 %).	Myocardial perfusion PET. Approved: CardioGen-82 (FDA 1989), Ruby-Fill (FDA 2016), both ⁸²Sr/⁸²Rb generators.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Mar 2019 (J. K. Tuli, E. Browne) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 1.273 min References (2) CardioGen-82 — Drugs@FDA, NDA 019414 (opens in a new tab) Ruby-Fill — Drugs@FDA, NDA 202153 (opens in a new tab)
¹³NNitrogen-13diagnostic#n-13	9.9584 min ± 0.0036 min597.504 s	β⁺ 99.8 %, EC 0.2 %	β⁺ Emax 1 198 keV, mean 492 keV; 511 keV (200 %).	Myocardial perfusion PET with ammonia N-13 (FDA-approved; NDA 022119).	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Aug 2024 (J. H. Kelley, C. G. Sheu, J. E. Purcell) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 9.965 min References (1) Ammonia N-13 — Drugs@FDA, NDA 022119 (opens in a new tab)
¹¹CCarbon-11diagnostic#c-11	20.364 min ± 0.014 min1,221.84 s	β⁺ 99.8 %, EC 0.2 %	β⁺ Emax 960 keV, mean 386 keV; 511 keV (200 %).	PET with ¹¹C-labelled tracers: choline C-11 (FDA 2012); ¹¹C-PiB, ¹¹C-methionine and many research tracers.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Jan 2011 (J. H. Kelley, C. G. Sheu) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab)ICRP-107: 20.39 min References (1) Choline C-11 — Drugs@FDA, NDA 203155 (opens in a new tab)
¹⁵OOxygen-15diagnostic#o-15	122.24 s ± 0.16 s122.24 s	β⁺ 99.9 %, EC 0.1 %	β⁺ Emax 1 732 keV, mean 735 keV; 511 keV (200 %).	[¹⁵O]water blood-flow PET and [¹⁵O]O₂ oxygen-metabolism studies, research use; no approved product.	ENSDF, evaluation cut-off 1 Jul 1990 (F. Ajzenberg-Selove) · NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) · Live Chart API (opens in a new tab) References (1) IAEA, Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students (2014) (opens in a new tab)

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Last verified September 16, 2026

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One row per nuclide, every column above plus the source URLs; regenerated from the same data at every build.

The compiled table is licensed CC BY 4.0 — reuse it with a link to this page. The underlying ENSDF values are US public-domain data. CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

Generator note

Why a 68-minute nuclide works in the clinic

⁶⁸Ga is eluted on site from a ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generator: the parent ⁶⁸Ge (270.93 d) decays continuously into ⁶⁸Ga (67.71 min), so one generator yields several patient doses a day for most of a year without a cyclotron in the building. The same arrangement gives ⁹⁹ᵐTc from ⁹⁹Mo (65.92 h) and ⁸²Rb from ⁸²Sr (25.35 d) at the bedside. Clinically, the parent's half-life sets how long the generator is useful; the daughter's sets how far ahead a dose can be drawn.

Illuccix — Drugs@FDA, NDA 214032 (the label names the approved ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generators) (opens in a new tab)

Jump to ⁶⁸Ga in the table

Questions

Half-lives, in practice

What is a half-life?

The time in which half of the atoms of a radionuclide decay. Activity falls by the same factor of two in every half-life: after ten half-lives about 0.1 % remains. The physical half-life is a constant of the nuclide; the values in this table are the current ENSDF evaluations.

IAEA, Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students (2014), ch. 1–2 (opens in a new tab)

Why does half-life matter differently for therapy and imaging?

An imaging nuclide should decay fast enough that the patient's dose is small once the picture is taken, but slowly enough to be made, shipped and injected: minutes to hours (¹⁸F, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁹⁹ᵐTc). A therapeutic nuclide should keep irradiating the tumor for as long as the ligand stays there, so its half-life is matched to the ligand's residence time: hours for small molecules and peptides, days for antibodies (¹⁷⁷Lu 6.6 d, ²²⁵Ac 9.9 d, ⁹⁰Y 64 h).

Sgouros, Bodei, McDevitt, Nedrow. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020 (opens in a new tab)

What is the effective half-life?

The half-life of the radiopharmaceutical's activity in the body, combining physical decay with biological clearance: 1/T(effective) = 1/T(physical) + 1/T(biological). It is always shorter than either. Dosimetry integrates the activity over time, so the effective half-life in each organ — not the physical one alone — sets the absorbed dose.

IAEA, Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students (2014), ch. 18 (internal dosimetry) (opens in a new tab)

Why do some half-lives here differ from ICRP-107?

ICRP Publication 107 (2008) froze the decay data used for dosimetry; ENSDF is re-evaluated nuclide by nuclide, and several values have moved since — ¹⁷⁷Lu from 6.647 to 6.6443 d, ⁹⁹ᵐTc from 6.015 to 6.0072 h, ²²⁵Ac from 10.0 to 9.920 d. This table prints the current ENSDF value and notes the ICRP-107 figure where it differs, because dose calculations and regulatory documents still cite ICRP-107.

ICRP Publication 107, Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations. Ann ICRP 38(3), 2008 (opens in a new tab)

Sources

Every row links to its own ENSDF evaluation (NuDat 3 and the IAEA Live Chart API query) and to the FDA, EMA or PubMed record behind its clinical notes. The general sources are:

ENSDF — Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (NNDC, Brookhaven National Laboratory), via NuDat 3 (opens in a new tab) — half-lives, decay modes, radiations
IAEA Nuclear Data Section — Live Chart of Nuclides and its API (ENSDF-based) (opens in a new tab) — the query each row links to
ICRP Publication 107, Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations (2008) (opens in a new tab) — the dosimetry reference values, noted where they differ
radioactivedecay 0.6.1 (Malins & Lemoine), the packaged ICRP-107 dataset the comparison was read from (opens in a new tab) — ICRP-107 half-lives
Drugs@FDA (opens in a new tab) — approved products, by application number
European Medicines Agency — EPARs (opens in a new tab) — Lutathera, Pluvicto, Xofigo
IAEA, Nuclear Medicine Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students (2014) (opens in a new tab) — half-life, effective half-life, decay physics
Sgouros, Bodei, McDevitt, Nedrow. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020 (opens in a new tab) — half-life and residence time in therapy

Reference data, not Epitorix performance. This table describes the radionuclides the field uses; it makes no statement about which isotopes Epitorix's models or programs use.

Why a 68-minute nuclide works in the clinic

Half-lives, in practice

The other six, open in the browser.